{"id":6214,"date":"2019-11-20T13:28:07","date_gmt":"2019-11-20T19:28:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/agruamerica.com\/?p=6214"},"modified":"2023-02-23T08:07:13","modified_gmt":"2023-02-23T14:07:13","slug":"concrete-waterproofing-membrane","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/agruamerica.com\/es\/concrete-waterproofing-membrane\/","title":{"rendered":"Developing an Integrated Solution to Microbiologically Induced Deterioration in Concrete"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Microbiologically induced\ndeterioration (MID) in concrete, also referred to as microbial-induced\ncorrosion (MIC) or concrete corrosion, is the result of acids from microbial\nactivity degrading concrete components. MID negatively affects the structural\nintegrity of sewer pipelines and other concrete structures (<em>1<\/em>). There\nare relatively few effective countermeasures to MID. In fact, even structures\ndesigned to withstand aggressive environments such as those with sulfates\u2014concrete\nmade with C<sub>3<\/sub>A-free cement, fly ash, and a water to cement ratio of\n0.35\u2014can reach a corrosion rate of 1 cm\/year within a decade of installation (<em>2<\/em>).\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>And it is not always\npractical to alter the C<sub>3<\/sub>A (tricalcium aluminate) content of\nconcrete. C<sub>3<\/sub>A content in concrete, for instance, is associated with\ndecreased setting time, accelerated hardening, and denser pore structure (<em>3<\/em>).\nDepending solely on novel concrete mixtures to promote MID resistance is\ninsufficient. In fact, the latest research recommends an integrated approach\nthat combines modifications to concrete mixtures, concrete protective coatings,\nand treatments with biocides (<em>1<\/em>). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In this article, we will provide\nan overview of MID, discuss the concept of an integrated MID\/MIC solution, and\nexplore existing concrete protection options.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>An overview of\nmicrobiologically induced deterioration\/corrosion<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>While there are currently 22 known microorganisms that affect MID, most of our knowledge is concentrated in <em>Thiobacillus <\/em>(see Table 1 for a list of known MID microorganisms). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For sewer systems, the\nMID\/MIC process begins when aqueous H<sub>2<\/sub>S is converted from sulfate by\nbacteria in a submerged slime layer. The gas form of H<sub>2<\/sub>S is then\nreleased and is dissolved in a moisture film (also known as a biofilm) at the\ntunnel\u2019s crown. In the last step, the dissolved H2S is converted to sulfuric\nacid (H<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub>) by sulfur-oxidizing bacteria such as <em>Thiobacillus\n<\/em>(see Figure 1 for a visual schematic of the process) (<em>4<\/em>)<em>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mitigating the MID\/MIC\nprocess depends largely on preventing bacterial adhesion and the development of\nbiofilms. By preventing the development of biofilms, key steps in the MID\/MIC\nprocess are inhibited and therefore biocorrosion can be prevented. The\napplication of polymer coatings has been leveraged as a corrosion protection\nstrategy against MID\/MIC for decades (<em>5<\/em>). Polymer coatings, however, can\nsuffer from poor adhesion to the base materials and can quickly degrade (<em>6<\/em>).\nWhile innovations such as conductive polymer coatings and graphene coating show\nsignificant promise, other factors such as high backpressure still pose a\nproblem (<em>5, 6<\/em>). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Protecting concrete from\nMID\/MIC using an integrated solution<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The annual cost of corrosion\nis approaching US$1 trillion, with MID\/MIC accounting for nearly half of the\ncost (<em>6<\/em>). Much of these costs are associated with frequent\nrehabilitation. For instance, it is possible to stop MID\/MIC through regular\nhigh-pressure washing of the concrete surface, which removes the biofilm.\nHowever, it takes between 60 and 140 days for the bacteria to recover the\nbiofilm to prewash levels (<em>5<\/em>). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Instead of focusing on\ntemporary answers, a better approach relies on combining concrete mixtures, chemical\nintervention, and protective coatings into an integrated solution. The solution\ntakes a multi-pronged approach to inhibit biofilm growth and prevent concrete biodeterioration\n(<em>1<\/em>). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The first layer defense is\naltering the concrete composition to decrease the rate of corrosion should\ninitial biofilm inhibiting efforts fail. Decreasing the rate of corrosion is a\nmitigating factor that helps reduce potential rehabilitation costs. Effective mixtures\ninclude incorporating silica fume concrete, polymer-modified mortar, and C<sub>3<\/sub>A.\nThese mixtures can increase the strength, durability, and pore density of\nconcrete structures to lower the rate of corrosion (<em>1<\/em>). It is also\npossible to incorporate antimicrobial aggregates within the concrete mixture\nthrough low-cost sorbents and metal solutions such as copper and copper\/cobalt\n(<em>7<\/em>). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The second layer of defense\nuses chemical intervention to control MIC by raising the pH of the sewage\n(e.g., magnesium hydroxide), inhibiting growth (biocides e.g., sodium bromide,\nsodium hydroxide), or interrupting the process by oxidizing sulfide directly\n(e.g., hydrogen peroxide) (<em>4<\/em>). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The last layer of defense,\nwhich was described earlier, uses a protective coating to inhibit biofilm\ngrowth (<em>5<\/em>). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In systems where known\nMID\/MIC microorganisms are present, these layers of defense are very effective\nin slowing down the development of biofilms and preventing concrete corrosion.\nHowever, the full implementation of this integrated solution is not always possible.\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Chemical intervention, for\ninstance, carries a significant, recurring cost. Additionally, chemical\nintervention can lead to environmental problems as a result of unintended\nchemical reactions. For existing systems, replacing concrete structures with\nconcrete using enhanced mixtures is unlikely. And protective coatings have an\neven shorter service life in concrete systems with high backpressure. Using a concrete\nwaterproofing membrane\u2014also known as a concrete protective liner (CPL)\u2014in place\nof a polymer coating offers an alternative approach. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In this article, we will provide an overview of MID, discuss the concept of an integrated MID\/MIC solution, and explore existing concrete protection options.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5505,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"content-type":"","inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[323],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6214","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-concrete-protection"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.9 (Yoast SEO v26.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Best Solution to MID in Concrete | 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